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CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF HISTOPLASMA SPECIES
Histoplasma spp.
Bats
Climate changes
Spreading
Worldwide distribution
Author
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología. Unidad de Micología. Mexico City, Mexico.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología. Unidad de Micología. Mexico City, Mexico.
Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados. Coleccion Nacional de Cepas Microbianas y Cultivos Celulares. Mexico City, Mexico.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Micologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología. Unidad de Micología. Mexico City, Mexico.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología. Unidad de Micología. Mexico City, Mexico.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología. Unidad de Micología. Mexico City, Mexico.
Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados. Coleccion Nacional de Cepas Microbianas y Cultivos Celulares. Mexico City, Mexico.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Micologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología. Unidad de Micología. Mexico City, Mexico.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología. Unidad de Micología. Mexico City, Mexico.
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a mycotic infection principally affecting pulmonary tissue; sometimes, histoplasmosis can progress into a systemic disease. This infection involves immunocompetent and immunosuppressed human and other mammalian hosts, depending on particular circumstances. Histoplasmosis infection has been documented worldwide. The infection is acquired by inhaling infective mycelial propagules of the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. New reports of clinical cases of histoplasmosis in extreme latitudes could be related to human social adaptations and climate changes in the world, which are creating new favorable environments for this fungus and for bats, its major natural reservoirs and dispersers. Histoplasma has been isolated from most continents, and it is considered a complex of cryptic species, consisting of various groups of isolates that differ genetically and correlate with a particular geographic distribution. Based on updated studies, Histoplasma taxonomy is adjusting to new genetic data. Here, we have suggested that Histoplasma has at least 14 phylogenetic species distributed worldwide and new genotypes that could be under deliberation. Histoplasma's geographic radiation began in South America millions of years ago when the continents were joined and the climate was favorable. For fungal spreading, the role of bats and some birds is crucial, although other natural factors could also participate.
Keywords
Histoplasma capsulatumHistoplasma spp.
Bats
Climate changes
Spreading
Worldwide distribution
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