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https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/27978
ZIKA AND THE EYE: PIECES OF A PUZZLE
Virus Zika
Infecção
Aedes
Síndrome de Guillain-Barré
Crianças
Brasil
Microcefalia
Author
Affilliation
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil / Altino Ventura Foundation. Recife, PE, Brasil / HOPE Eye Hospital. Recife, PE, Brasil
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil / Roberto Santos General Hospital. Department of Ophthalmology. Salvador, BA, Brasil
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil / Altino Ventura Foundation. Recife, PE, Brasil / HOPE Eye Hospital. Recife, PE, Brasil
Altino Ventura Foundation. Recife, PE, Brasil / HOPE Eye Hospital. Recife, PE, Brasil
University of Pennsylvania. Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine. Perelman School of Medicine. Department of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia, United States
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Yale School of Public Health. Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. New Haven, CT, United States
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Fernandes Figueira Institute. Clinical Research Unit. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil / Brazilian Institute of Fight Against Blindness. Assis and Presidente Prudente. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Zika Virus Study Group
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil / Altino Ventura Foundation. Recife, PE, Brasil / HOPE Eye Hospital. Recife, PE, Brasil
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil / Roberto Santos General Hospital. Department of Ophthalmology. Salvador, BA, Brasil
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil / Altino Ventura Foundation. Recife, PE, Brasil / HOPE Eye Hospital. Recife, PE, Brasil
Altino Ventura Foundation. Recife, PE, Brasil / HOPE Eye Hospital. Recife, PE, Brasil
University of Pennsylvania. Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine. Perelman School of Medicine. Department of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia, United States
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Yale School of Public Health. Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. New Haven, CT, United States
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Fernandes Figueira Institute. Clinical Research Unit. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Federal University of São Paulo. Vision Institute. Paulista Medical School. Department of Ophthalmology. São Paulo, SP, Brasil / Brazilian Institute of Fight Against Blindness. Assis and Presidente Prudente. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Zika Virus Study Group
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus mainly transmitted to humans by mosquitoes from Aedes genus. Other ways of transmission include the perinatal and sexual routes, blood transfusion, and laboratory exposure. Although the first human cases were registered in 1952 in African countries, outbreaks were only reported since 2007, when entire Pacific islands were affected. In March 2015, the first cases of ZIKV acute infection were notified in Brazil and, to date, 48 countries and territories in the Americas have confirmed local mosquito-borne transmission of ZIKV. Until 2015, ZIKV infection was thought to only cause asymptomatic or mild exanthematous febrile infections. However, after explosive ZIKV outbreaks in Polynesia and Latin American countries, it was confirmed that ZIKV could also lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome and congenital birth abnormalities. These abnormalities, which can include neurologic, ophthalmologic, audiologic, and skeletal findings, are now considered congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Brain abnormalities in CZS include cerebral calcifications, malformations of cortical development, ventriculomegaly, lissencephaly, hypoplasia of the cerebellum and brainstem. The ocular findings, which are present in up to 70% of infants with CZS, include iris coloboma, lens subluxation, cataract, congenital glaucoma, and especially posterior segment findings. Loss of retinal pigment epithelium, the presence of a thin choroid, a perivascular choroidal inflammatory infiltrate, and atrophic changes within the optic nerve were seen in histologic analyses of eyes from deceased fetuses. To date, there is no ZIKV licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies are available for treatment. Preventive measures include individual protection from mosquito bites, control of mosquito populations and the use of barriers measures such as condoms during sexual intercourse or sexual abstinence for couples either at risk or after confirmed infection. A literature review based on studies that analyzed ocular findings in mothers and infants with CZS, with or without microcephaly, was conducted and a theoretical pathophysiologic explanation for ZIKV-ocular abnormalities was formulated.
Keywords in Portuguese
ZikaVirus Zika
Infecção
Aedes
Síndrome de Guillain-Barré
Crianças
Brasil
Microcefalia
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