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CONTEMPORARY STATUS OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE MAJOR AEDES VECTORS OF ARBOVIRUSES INFECTING HUMANS
Autor
Afiliación
Oxford Big Data Institute. Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery. University of Oxford. Oxford, United Kingdom.
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas., Heraklion, Greece / Agricultural University of Athens. Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab. Athens, Greece.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Environmental Health Institute. National Environment Agency. Helios Block, Singapore.
Environmental Health Institute. National Environment Agency. Helios Block, Singapore.
Unité d'Entomologie Mediicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane. Cayenne, French Guiana.
Insecticides and Insecticide Resistance Lab. National Institute of Malaria Research. Delhi, India.
Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Instituto de Medicina Tropical. Global Health and Tropical Medicine. Lisboa, Portugal.
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Genétique, Evolution et Controle. Montpellier, France.
University Grenoble-Alpes. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine. Grenoble, France.
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Department of Vector Biology. Liverpool, Unitd Kingdom.
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas., Heraklion, Greece / Agricultural University of Athens. Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab. Athens, Greece.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Environmental Health Institute. National Environment Agency. Helios Block, Singapore.
Environmental Health Institute. National Environment Agency. Helios Block, Singapore.
Unité d'Entomologie Mediicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane. Cayenne, French Guiana.
Insecticides and Insecticide Resistance Lab. National Institute of Malaria Research. Delhi, India.
Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Instituto de Medicina Tropical. Global Health and Tropical Medicine. Lisboa, Portugal.
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Genétique, Evolution et Controle. Montpellier, France.
University Grenoble-Alpes. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine. Grenoble, France.
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Department of Vector Biology. Liverpool, Unitd Kingdom.
Resumen en ingles
Both Aedes aegytpi and Ae. albopictus are major vectors of 5 important arboviruses (namely chikungunya virus, dengue virus, Rift Valley fever virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus), making these mosquitoes an important factor in the worldwide burden of infectious disease. Vector control using insecticides coupled with larval source reduction is critical to control the transmission of these viruses to humans but is threatened by the emergence of insecticide resistance. Here, we review the available evidence for the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in these 2 major vectors worldwide and map the data collated for the 4 main classes of neurotoxic insecticide (carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates, and pyrethroids). Emerging resistance to all 4 of these insecticide classes has been detected in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Target-site mutations and increased insecticide detoxification have both been linked to resistance in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus but more work is required to further elucidate metabolic mechanisms and develop robust diagnostic assays. Geographical distributions are provided for the mechanisms that have been shown to be important to date. Estimating insecticide resistance in unsampled locations is hampered by a lack of standardisation in the diagnostic tools used and by a lack of data in a number of regions for both resistance phenotypes and genotypes. The need for increased sampling using standard methods is critical to tackle the issue of emerging insecticide resistance threatening human health. Specifically, diagnostic doses and well-characterised susceptible strains are needed for the full range of insecticides used to control Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to standardise measurement of the resistant phenotype, and calibrated diagnostic assays are needed for the major mechanisms of resistance.
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