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DEFORESTATION AND MALARIA ON THE AMAZON FRONTIER: LARVAL CLUSTERING OF ANOPHELES DARLINGI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) DETERMINES FOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF MALARIA
Affilliation
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Departamento de Zoologia. Recife, PE, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores - NOSMOVE. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores - NOSMOVE. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Abstract
We performed bimonthly mosquito larval collections during 1 year, in an agricultural settlement in the
Brazilian Amazon, as well as an analysis of malaria incidence in neighboring houses. Water collections located at forest
fringes were more commonly positive for Anopheles darlingi larvae and Kulldorff spatial analysis pinpointed significant
larval clusters at sites directly beneath forest fringes, which were called larval “hotspots.” Remote sensing identified
43 “potential” hotspots. Sampling of these areas revealed an 85.7% positivity rate for A. darlingi larvae. Malaria was
correlated with shorter distances to potential hotpots and settlers living within 400 m of potential hotspots had a
2.60 higher risk of malaria. Recently arrived settlers, usually located closer to the tip of the triangularly shaped deforestation
imprints of side roads, may be more exposed to malaria due to their proximity to the forest fringe. As deforestation
progresses, transmission decreases. However, forest remnants inside deforested areas conferred an increased risk
of malaria. We propose a model for explaining frontier malaria in the Amazon: because of adaptation of A. darlingi
to the forest fringe ecotone, humans are exposed to an increased transmission risk when in proximity to these areas,
especially when small dams are created on naturally running water collections.
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