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3100-12-31
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EPIDEMIC HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF AN EMERGING THREAT OF INTERNATIONAL CONCERN, THE SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2
Author
Giovanetti, Marta
Branda, Francesco
Cella, Eleonora
Scarpa, Fabio
Bazzani, Liliana
Ciccozzi, Alessandra
Slavov, Svetoslav Nanev
Benvenuto, Domenico
Sanna, Daria
Casu, Marco
Santos, Luciane Amorim
Lai, Alessia
Zehender, Giangluglielmo
Caccuri, Francesca
Ianni, Andrea
Caruso, Arnaldo
Maroutti, Antonello
Pascarella, Stefano
Borsetti, Alessandra
Ciccozzi, Massimo
Branda, Francesco
Cella, Eleonora
Scarpa, Fabio
Bazzani, Liliana
Ciccozzi, Alessandra
Slavov, Svetoslav Nanev
Benvenuto, Domenico
Sanna, Daria
Casu, Marco
Santos, Luciane Amorim
Lai, Alessia
Zehender, Giangluglielmo
Caccuri, Francesca
Ianni, Andrea
Caruso, Arnaldo
Maroutti, Antonello
Pascarella, Stefano
Borsetti, Alessandra
Ciccozzi, Massimo
Affilliation
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Rene Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil/Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health. Università Campus Bio‐Medico di Roma. Italy, Rome, Italy
Department of Computer Science, Modeling, Electronics and Systems Engineering. University of Calabria. Rende, Italy
Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences. University of Central Florida. Orlando, Florida, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences. University of Sassari. Sassari, Italy
Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health. Università Campus Bio‐Medico di Roma. Italy, Rome, Italy
Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology. University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome. Rome, Italy
Butantan Institute. São Paulo, SP, Brazil/Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto. University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology. University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome. Rome, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences. University of Sassari. Sassari, Italy
Department of Veterinary Medicine. University of Sassari. Sassari, Italy
Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública. Salvador, BA, Brazil/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil/Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia. Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências da Saúde. Salvador, BA, Brazil
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences. L. Sacco Hospital. University of Milan. Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences. L. Sacco Hospital. University of Milan. Milan, Italy
Section of Microbiology Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine. University of Brescia. Brescia, Italy
M.G. Vannini Hospital IFSC Rome. Research Unit in Hygiene UCBM Rome. Rome, Italy
Section of Microbiology Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine. University of Brescia. Brescia, Italy
Department GEPLI. Libera Università Maria Ss Assunta. Rome, Italy
Department of Biochemical Sciences“A. Rossi Fanelli”. Sapienza University of Rome. Rome, Italy
National HIV/AIDS Research Center. Italy, Rome
Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology. University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome. Rome, Italy
Department of Computer Science, Modeling, Electronics and Systems Engineering. University of Calabria. Rende, Italy
Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences. University of Central Florida. Orlando, Florida, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences. University of Sassari. Sassari, Italy
Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health. Università Campus Bio‐Medico di Roma. Italy, Rome, Italy
Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology. University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome. Rome, Italy
Butantan Institute. São Paulo, SP, Brazil/Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto. University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology. University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome. Rome, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences. University of Sassari. Sassari, Italy
Department of Veterinary Medicine. University of Sassari. Sassari, Italy
Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública. Salvador, BA, Brazil/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil/Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia. Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências da Saúde. Salvador, BA, Brazil
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences. L. Sacco Hospital. University of Milan. Milan, Italy
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences. L. Sacco Hospital. University of Milan. Milan, Italy
Section of Microbiology Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine. University of Brescia. Brescia, Italy
M.G. Vannini Hospital IFSC Rome. Research Unit in Hygiene UCBM Rome. Rome, Italy
Section of Microbiology Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine. University of Brescia. Brescia, Italy
Department GEPLI. Libera Università Maria Ss Assunta. Rome, Italy
Department of Biochemical Sciences“A. Rossi Fanelli”. Sapienza University of Rome. Rome, Italy
National HIV/AIDS Research Center. Italy, Rome
Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology. University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome. Rome, Italy
Abstract
This comprehensive review focuses on the severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and its impact as the cause of the COVID‐19 pandemic.Its objective is to provide a cohesive overview of the epidemic history and evolutionary aspects of the virus, with a particular emphasis on its emergence, globalspread, and implications for public health. The review delves into the timelines andkey milestones of SARS‐CoV‐2's epidemiological progression, shedding light on thechallenges encountered during early containment efforts and subsequent waves oftransmission. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the virus is crucial inmonitoring its potential for adaptation and future outbreaks. Genetic characteriza-tion of SARS‐CoV‐2 is discussed, with a focus on the emergence of new variants andtheir implications for transmissibility, severity, and immune evasion. The reviewhighlights the important role of genomic surveillance in tracking viral mutationslinked to establishing public health interventions. By analyzing the origins, globalspread, and genetic evolution of SARS‐CoV‐2, valuable insights can be gained for thedevelopment of effective control measures, improvement of pandemic prepared-ness, and addressing future emerging infectious diseases of international concern.
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