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https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/1928
PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND GENETIC VARIATION OF TRIATOMA DIMIDIATA, THE MAIN CHAGAS DISEASE VECTOR IN CENTRAL AMERICA, AND ITS POSITION WITHIN THE GENUS TRIATOMA
Author
Affilliation
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Parasitologia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
Universidad de Valencia. Facultad de Farmacia. Departamento de Parasitologia. Valencia, Spain.
Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Genética. Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva. Valencia, Spain.
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, México.
Universidad San Carlos. Laboratorio de Entomologia Aplicada y Parasitologia. Guatemala.
Secretaria de Salud. Laboratorio Central de Referencia para Enfermedad de Chagas y Leishmaniasis. Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
Facultad de Medicina. Laboratorio Biología de Parásitos. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitologıía. México D.F., México.
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas & Maria Deane. Biodiversity Laboratory–Medical Entomology. Manaus, AM, Brazil.
University of Panama. Faculty of Medicine. Center for Research and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases. Panama City, Republic of Panama
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London. United Kingdom.
Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement., Representative Office, French Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand.
Universidad de los Andes. Facultad de Ciencias. Centro de Investigaciones em Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical. Bogotá, Colombia.
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Parasitologia. Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
Universidad de Valencia. Facultad de Farmacia. Departamento de Parasitologia. Valencia, Spain.
Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Genética. Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva. Valencia, Spain.
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, México.
Universidad San Carlos. Laboratorio de Entomologia Aplicada y Parasitologia. Guatemala.
Secretaria de Salud. Laboratorio Central de Referencia para Enfermedad de Chagas y Leishmaniasis. Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
Facultad de Medicina. Laboratorio Biología de Parásitos. Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitologıía. México D.F., México.
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas & Maria Deane. Biodiversity Laboratory–Medical Entomology. Manaus, AM, Brazil.
University of Panama. Faculty of Medicine. Center for Research and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases. Panama City, Republic of Panama
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London. United Kingdom.
Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement., Representative Office, French Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand.
Universidad de los Andes. Facultad de Ciencias. Centro de Investigaciones em Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical. Bogotá, Colombia.
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Parasitologia. Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
Abstract
Background: Among Chagas disease triatomine vectors, the largest genus, Triatoma, includes species of high public health
interest. Triatoma dimidiata, the main vector throughout Central America and up to Ecuador, presents extensive
phenotypic, genotypic, and behavioral diversity in sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic habitats, and non-domiciliated
populations acting as reinfestation sources. DNA sequence analyses, phylogenetic reconstruction methods, and genetic
variation approaches are combined to investigate the haplotype profiling, genetic polymorphism, phylogeography, and
evolutionary trends of T. dimidiata and its closest relatives within Triatoma. This is the largest interpopulational analysis
performed on a triatomine species so far.
Methodology and Findings: Triatomines from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador,
and Brazil were used. Triatoma dimidiata populations follow different evolutionary divergences in which geographical isolation
appears to have had an important influence. A southern Mexican–northern Guatemalan ancestral form gave rise to two main
clades. One clade remained confined to the Yucatan peninsula and northern parts of Chiapas State, Guatemala, and Honduras,
with extant descendants deserving specific status.Within the second clade, extant subspecies diversity was shaped by adaptive
radiation derived from Guatemalan ancestral populations. Central American populations correspond to subspecies T. d.
dimidiata. A southern spread into Panama and Colombia gave the T. d. capitata forms, and a northwestern spread rising from
Guatemala into Mexico gave the T. d. maculipennis forms. Triatoma hegneri appears as a subspecific insular form.
Conclusions: The comparison with very numerous Triatoma species allows us to reach highly supported conclusions not
only about T. dimidiata, but also on different, important Triatoma species groupings and their evolution. The very large
intraspecific genetic variability found in T. dimidiata sensu lato has never been detected in a triatomine species before. The
distinction between the five different taxa furnishes a new frame for future analyses of the different vector transmission
capacities and epidemiological characteristics of Chagas disease. Results indicate that T. dimidiata will offer problems for
control, although dwelling insecticide spraying might be successful against introduced populations in Ecuador.
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