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MORTALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SELF-EMPLOYED AND PAID EMPLOYEES: A 5-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF THE WORKING POPULATION IN SWEDEN
Trabalhador remunerado
Suécia
População ativa
Diferenças de mortalidade
Affilliation
Stockholm University. Karolinska Institutet. Centre for Health Equity Studies. Stockholm, Sweden
Stockholm University. Karolinska Institutet. Centre for Health Equity Studies. Stockholm, Sweden / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Educação em Ambiente e Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Stockholm University. Department of Psychology. Stockholm, Sweden.
Mid Sweden University. Department of Health Sciences. Östersund, Sweden.
Scandinavian Development Services. Stockholm, Sweden.
Stockholm University. Karolinska Institutet. Centre for Health Equity Studies. Stockholm, Sweden / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Educação em Ambiente e Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Stockholm University. Department of Psychology. Stockholm, Sweden.
Mid Sweden University. Department of Health Sciences. Östersund, Sweden.
Scandinavian Development Services. Stockholm, Sweden.
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Objectives Analyse mortality differences between
self-employed and paid employees with a focus on
industrial sector, educational level and gender using
Swedish register data.
Methods A cohort of the total working population
(4 776 135 individuals; 7.2% self-employed;
18–100 years of age at baseline 2003) in Sweden with
a 5-year follow-up (2004–2008) for all-cause and
cause-specific mortality (57 743 deaths). Self-employed
individuals were categorised as sole proprietors or
limited liability company (LLC) owners according to their
enterprise’s legal form. Cox proportional hazards models
were applied to compare mortality rates between sole
proprietors, LLC owners and paid employees, adjusted
for sociodemographic confounders.
Results Mortality from cardiovascular diseases was
16% lower and from suicide 26% lower among LLC
owners than among paid employees, adjusted for
confounders. Within the industrial category, all-cause
mortality was 13–15% lower among sole proprietors
and LLC owners compared with employees in
manufacturing and mining (MM) as well as personal and
cultural services (PCS), and 11–20% higher in sole
proprietors in trade, transport and communication and
the welfare industry (W). A significant three-way
interaction indicated 17–23% lower all-cause mortality
among male LLC owners in MM and female sole
proprietors in PCS, and 50% higher mortality in female
sole proprietors in W than in employees in the same
industries.
Conclusions Mortality differences between selfemployed
individuals and paid employees vary by the
legal form of self-employment, across industries, and by
gender. Differences in work environment exposures and
working conditions, varying market competition across
industries and gender segregation in the labour market
are potential mechanisms underlying these findings.
Keywords in Portuguese
Trabalhador autônomoTrabalhador remunerado
Suécia
População ativa
Diferenças de mortalidade
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